Can a Democracy Have Both Representative and Direct

Forms of Government

Forms of authorities are categorized past the power source and power construction of any given land.

Learning Objectives

Compare and contrast the various forms of government

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Government is the ways by which country policy is enforced, likewise every bit the machinery for determining the policy of the state. States are served past a continuous succession of different governments.
• Governments with Aristarchy attributes are traditionally ruled by the "best" people. Examples include aristocracy, technocracy and meritocracy.
• Governments with autocratic attributes are ruled past one person who has all the power over the people in a state. Examples include authoritarian, totalitarian and fascist governments.
• Governments with autonomous attributes are well-nigh common in the Western world and in some countries of the eastward. In democracies, all of the people in a country can vote during elections for representatives or political parties that they prefer.
• Governments with monarchic attributes are ruled past a king or a queen who inherits their position from their family, which is often called the imperial family.
• Governments with oligarchic attributes are ruled past a pocket-size grouping of powerful and/or influential people. These people may spread power equally or not equally.
• Plutocracy defines a society or a organization ruled and dominated by the minor minority of the wealthiest citizens. Dissimilar systems such as democracy, commercialism, socialism or anarchism, plutocracy is not rooted in an established political philosophy and has no formal advocates.

Key Terms

• regime: The body with the power to brand and/or enforce laws to command a land, land area, people or organization.
• state: A political division of a federation retaining a degree of autonomy, for case one of the fifty Usa. See likewise Province.

Government

Government is the means past which state policy is enforced, besides as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A grade of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a land is organized (synonyms include "government type" and "system of government"). Governments consist of two broad interplaying elements that generally determine how a authorities is coded: the power source and the power structure. Power source refers to the individuals and institutions that practise governing authorization over a state and the means by which they obtain their power, while power construction refers to the system past which they are organized.

In the case of its broad definition, government normally consists of legislators, administrators, and arbitrators. Regime is the means by which state policy is enforced, likewise as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. States are served past a continuous succession of different governments. Each successive government is composed of a body of individuals who control and practise control over political conclusion-making. Their function is to brand and enforce laws and intervene conflicts. In some societies, this group is oft a cocky-perpetuating or hereditary class. In other societies, such equally democracies, the political roles remain, but there is frequent turnover of the people actually filling the positions.

Countries of the World, by Type of Government in 2011: This map shows all the countries of the give-and-take, colored according to their type of regime. Blue represents total presidential republics, while green and yellow are presidential republics with less powerful presidents. Orange represents parliamentary republics. Red and pinkish are parliamentary constitutional monarchies, and purple represents accented monarchies. Brown represents single-party republics, green shows countries where government has been suspended (e.k., military machine dictatorships), and greyness countries do not fit any of the above categories.

Forms of Regime

Governments with Aristarchy attributes are traditionally ruled past the "best" people. Aristocracy refers to the rule by elite citizens; a system of governance in which a person who rules in an aristocracy is an aristocrat. It has come to mean rule by "the elite" who are people of noble birth. A meritocracy refers to dominion by the meritorious; a system of governance where groups are selected on the basis of people's ability, knowledge in a given area, and contributions to society. Finally, a technocracy refers to dominion by the educated; a system of governance where people who are skilled or proficient govern in their respective areas of expertise in technology would be in control of all decision making. Doctors, engineers, scientists, professionals and technologists who have knowledge, expertise, or skills, would compose the governing body, instead of politicians, businessmen, and economists.

Governments with autocratic attributes are ruled by i person who has all the ability over the people in a country. The Roman Democracy made Dictators to lead during times of state of war. In modernistic times, an Autocrat's rule is not stopped by any rules of police force, constitutions, or other social and political institutions. After World War II, many governments in Latin America, Asia, and Africa were ruled by autocratic governments.

Governments with democratic attributes are most common in the Western world and in some countries of the east. In democracies, all of the people in a country can vote during elections for representatives or political parties that they prefer. The people in democracies can elect representatives who will sit on legislatures such as the Parliament or Congress. Political parties are organizations of people with similar ideas nearly how a country or region should be governed. Unlike political parties take different ideas about how the authorities should handle different problems. Democracy is the government of the people, past the people, for the people.

Governments with monarchic attributes are ruled past a male monarch or a queen who inherits their position from their family, which is often called the "royal family unit. " There are at two opposing types of monarchies: absolute monarchies and constitutional monarchies. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler has no limits on their wishes or powers. In a constitutional monarchy a ruler'southward powers are limited by a document called a constitution.

Governments with oligarchic attributes are ruled by a small group of powerful and/or influential people. These people may spread power equally or not equally. An oligarchy is different from a truthful republic because very few people are given the chance to change things. An oligarchy does not take to be hereditary or monarchic. An oligarchy does not have one articulate ruler, simply several powerful people. Some historical examples of oligarchy are the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Apartheid in Due south Africa. Fictional oligarchic examples include the dystopian society of Oceania displayed in the volume Nineteen Fourscore-Four, the stratocracy government of Starship Troopers, and the kritarchic "Street Judges" of Judge Dredd.

Democratic Governments

Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that bear upon their lives.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the cardinal elements of direct and representative democracies

Key Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• Democracy allows people to participate equally—either directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses social, economic and cultural atmospheric condition that enable the gratis and equal practise of political self-conclusion.
• A democratic government contrasts to forms of government where power is either held by one, as in a monarchy, or where ability is held past a pocket-sized number of individuals, equally in an oligarchy or elite.
• Direct democracy is a form of commonwealth in which people vote on policy initiatives straight. This is dissimilar from a representative democracy, in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives.
• Representative democracy is a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected people representing a group of people. For example, iii countries which apply representative democracy are the Us of America, the United Kingdom, and Poland.
• The concept of representative commonwealth arose largely from ideas and institutions that developed during the European Heart Ages, the Historic period of Enlightenment, and the American and French Revolutions.

Key Terms

• direct democracy: Straight democracy is a grade of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly, every bit opposed to a representative republic in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives. Depending on the particular system in apply, information technology might entail passing executive decisions, making laws, direct electing or dismissing officials and conducting trials. Two leading forms of direct democracy are participatory democracy and deliberative democracy.
• representative democracy: Representative democracy is a diverseness of democracy founded on the principle of elected people representing a group of people.
• democracy: A government under the straight or representative rule of the people of its jurisdiction.

Introduction

Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens accept an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Commonwealth allows people to participate equally—either straight or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses social, economical, and cultural weather condition that enable the free and equal practise of political cocky-conclusion. The term originates from the Greek word: δημοκρατία (dēmokratía), which translates to  "rule of the people". This term was used around 400 BCE to denote the political systems then existing in Greek metropolis-states, notably Athens.

A democratic regime contrasts 2 forms of government where power is either held by i, every bit in a monarchy, or where ability is held by a small number of individuals, as in an oligarchy or aristocracy. Nevertheless, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because contemporary governments accept mixed democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic elements. Several variants of democracy exist, just in that location are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of citizens executes its will: direct republic and representative democracy.

French Presidential Ballot: A woman casts her vote in the 2nd round of the French presidential election of 2007.

Straight Democracy

Direct republic is a course of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives direct. This is different from a representative republic, in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives. Depending on the particular organization in use, it might entail passing executive decisions, making laws, straight electing or dismissing officials, and conducting trials. Ii leading forms of directly republic are participatory commonwealth and deliberative democracy.

The primeval known straight republic is said to be the Athenian Commonwealth in the 5^th century BCE, although it was non an inclusive democracy; women, foreigners, and slaves were excluded from it. In the straight democracy of Athens, the electorate did not nominate representatives to vote on legislation and executive bills on their behalf (as in the United States Congress), but instead voted on these items in their own right. Participation was by no means open, but the in-group of participants was constituted with no reference to economic class and they participated on a large calibration. The public opinion of voters was remarkably influenced past the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters.

Also relevant is the history of Roman republic, kickoff circa 449 BCE. The ancient Roman Republic's "citizen lawmaking"—denizen formulation and passage of law, too as denizen veto of legislature-fabricated police force—began most 449 BCE and lasted the approximately 400 years to the expiry of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. Modern-era citizen lawmaking began in the towns of Switzerland in the thirteen^th century CE. In 1847, the Swiss added the "statute referendum" to their national constitution. Currently in Switzerland, single majorities are sufficient at the town, urban center, and canton level, but at the national level, double majorities are required on constitutional matters. The intent of the double majorities is simply to ensure any citizen-made law's legitimacy.

Swiss Assemblies: Landsgemeinde, or associates, of the canton of Glarus, May 7, 2006, Switzerland.

Representative Republic

Straight democracy was very much opposed by the framers of the U.s.a. Constitution and some signatories of the Declaration of Independence. They saw a danger in majorities forcing their will on minorities. As a upshot, they advocated a representative commonwealth in the form of a constitutional republic over a straight commonwealth. For example, James Madison, in Federalist No. ten, advocates a constitutional democracy over direct democracy precisely to protect the private from the will of the majority. Representative commonwealth is a diverseness of democracy founded on the principle of elected people representing a group of people. For instance, three countries which apply representative democracy are the Us (a representative commonwealth), the United Kingdom (a ramble monarchy) and Poland (a commonwealth). Information technology is an element of both the parliamentary system and presidential organisation of regime and is typically used in a lower sleeping room such as the House of Commons (UK) or Bundestag (Deutschland).

Democracy in the Contemporary Globe

Co-ordinate to Freedom Business firm, in 2007 at that place were 123 electoral democracies – upwards from 40 in 1972. According to World Forum on Democracy, balloter democracies at present represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and institute 58.2 percent of the world's population. At the same fourth dimension, liberal democracies—countries Freedom Firm regards as costless and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law—are 85 in number and represent 38 pct of the global population. In 2010 the United Nations alleged September xv the International 24-hour interval of Democracy.

Not-Autonomous Governments: Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism, and Dictatorship

Different commonwealth, absolutism and totalitarianism are forms of regime where an individual or a single-party concentrates all power.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the central features and types of undemocratic governments

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• An authoritarian authorities is characterized by highly full-bodied and centralized power maintained by political repression and the exclusion of potential challengers. Information technology uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the goals of the authorities.
• An autocracy is a system of authorities in which a supreme political power is concentrated in the easily of one person; by contrast, a unmarried-political party land is a blazon of party arrangement regime in which no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election.
• Totalitarianism is an extreme version of authoritarianism – it is a political organization where the state holds full say-so over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever necessary.
• A dictatorship (government without people'due south consent ) is a contrast to democracy (authorities whose power comes from people) and totalitarianism (government controls every attribute of people's life) opposes pluralism (government allows multiple lifestyles and opinions).
• A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic grade of authorities in which the government is ruled by an individual: a dictator. In gimmicky usage, dictatorship refers to an autocratic form of absolute rule by leadership unrestricted by police force, constitutions, or other political factors in the state.

Key Terms

• Autocratic: Of or pertaining to autocracy or to an autocrat; absolute; holding contained and arbitrary powers of government.

Introduction

Authoritarianism is a form of social organisation characterized by submission to authority as well as the administration of said authorization. In politics, an authoritarian government is characterized by highly concentrated and centralized ability maintained past political repression and the exclusion of potential challengers. It uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people effectually the goals of the government. Authoritarianism emphasizes arbitrary law rather than the rule of police force, including election rigging and political decisions existence made past a select grouping of officials behind closed doors. Authoritarianism is marked by "indefinite political tenure" of an autocratic state or a ruling-party land.

An autocracy is a system of government in which a supreme political power is concentrated in the hands of 1 person, whose decisions are bailiwick to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control. By contrast, a single-party state is a type of political party system government in which a single political party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for ballot. Typically, unmarried-party states hold the suppression of political factions, except as transitory result oriented currents inside the unmarried party or permanent coalition equally a cocky-evident good. The Communist Political party of China's single-party rule of the People'south Republic of China is a prominent contemporary example.

Communist Political party of People's republic of china: XVII Congress of the Communist Party of China held in 2007.

Totalitarianism

Totalitarianismis an farthermost version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist free from governmental control. By dissimilarity, totalitarianism is a political organisation where the land holds total authorization over the society and seeks to command all aspects of public and private life wherever necessary. The term 'an authoritarian regime' denotes a state in which the single power holder – an individual 'dictator,' a committee or a junta or an otherwise small group of political aristocracy – monopolizes political power. However, a totalitarian government attempts to control virtually all aspects of the social life, including economy, education, art, scientific discipline, individual life, and morals of citizens. The concept became prominent in Western anti-communist political discourse during the Cold War era in order to highlight perceived similarities between Nazi Germany and other fascist regimes on the ane paw, and Soviet communism on the other.

Zbigniew Brzezinski (1977): A number of thinkers, including Zbigniew Brzezinski, take argued that Nazi and Soviet regimes were equally totalitarian.

Political scientists Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski were primarily responsible for expanding the usage of the term in academy social science and professional research, reformulating it every bit a paradigm for the Soviet Union too as fascist regimes. For Friedrich and Brzezinski, the defining elements were intended to be taken as a mutually supportive organic entity composed of the post-obit: an elaborating guiding ideology; a single mass political party, typically led past a dictator; a arrangement of terror; a monopoly of the means of communication and physical force; and fundamental direction, and command of the economic system through state planning. Such regimes had initial origins in the chaos that followed in the wake of World War I, at which point the sophistication of modern weapons and communications enabled totalitarian movements to consolidate power.

Dictatorship

A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic grade of government in which the authorities is ruled by an private: a dictator. In contemporary usage, dictatorship refers to an autocratic grade of accented dominion by leadership unrestricted by police force, constitutions, or other social and political factors within the state.

For some scholars, a dictatorship is a form of government that has the ability to govern without consent of those being governed (similar to authoritarianism), while totalitarianism describes a country that regulates nearly every aspect of public and individual behavior of the people. In other words, dictatorship concerns the source of the governing ability and totalitarianism concerns the telescopic of the governing power. In this sense, dictatorship (regime without people's consent) is a dissimilarity to democracy (government whose power comes from people) and totalitarianism (government controls every aspect of people'due south life) opposes pluralism (government allows multiple lifestyles and opinions).

The moving ridge of military dictatorships in Latin America in the 2nd half of the twentieth century left a particular marking on Latin American culture. In Latin American literature, the dictator novel challenging dictatorship is a significant genre. In that location are also many films depicting Latin American military dictatorships.

Non-Autonomous Governments: Monarchy, Oligarchy, Technocracy, and Theocracy

Some nondemocratic governments can be classified into categories such as monarchies, oligarchies, theocracies and technocracies.

Learning Objectives

Recognize democratic and not-democratic forms of governance

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• A monarchy is a form of government in a land is ruled by an private who typically inherits the throne by nascency and rules for life or until abdication.
• Oligarchy is a grade of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people. These people could exist distinguished by royalty, wealth, family unit ties, education, corporate, or military control.
• Aristocracy is a form of government in which a few aristocracy citizens dominion; this is unremarkably contrasted with commonwealth, in which all citizens are able to rule.
• Theocracy is a form of government in which religious leaders acting in the place of God rule the state.
• Technocracy is a form of authorities in which experts in technology would exist in control of all determination making. Scientists, engineers, and technologists who accept knowledge, expertise, or skills, would compose the governing body, instead of politicians, businessmen, and economists.
• Theocracy is a class of government in which official policy is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religion or religious grouping.

Key Terms

• meritocracy: Meritocracy, in an authoritative sense, is a system of government or other assistants wherein appointments and responsibilities are objectively assigned to individuals based upon their "claim" and achievements.
• oligarchy: a regime run past only a few, often the wealthy
• technocracy: A system of governance where people who are skilled or proficient govern in their respective areas of expertise. A blazon of meritocracy based on people'due south ability and noesis in a given surface area.
• junta: The ruling quango of a military dictatorship.

Introduction

The refuse of monarchy: Postcard of ruling monarchs, taken in 1908 between February (accession of King Manuel II of Portugal) and Nov (expiry of Guangxu Emperor).

Governments tend to fall between traditionally democratic and not-autonomous forms. These forms of authorities are usually distinguished based on who controls the state, how that authority is justified, and in what ways leaders and governments are structurally organized based on these justifications.

Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of authorities in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a unmarried private, the monarch. This is a class of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled past an individual who typically inherits the throne past nascence and rules for life or until abdication. Monarchs may exist autocrats (absolute monarchy) or ceremonial heads of state who exercise piffling or no power or only reserve power, with actual authority vested in a parliament or other body such as a constitutional assembly.

Monarchs take various titles — rex or queen, prince or princess, Malik or Malikah, emperor or empress, duke or grand knuckles, and Shah. Monarchy is associated with political or sociocultural hereditary rule; most monarchs, both historically and in the modern day, take been born and brought up within a regal family and trained for hereafter duties. All the same, some monarchies are not-hereditary. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch. Historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the complimentary election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Monarchs: This photo depicts the Male monarch of Norway, Republic of bulgaria, Portugal, Greece, Kingdom of belgium, and Denmark. In a monarchy, the state is controlled by an individual who normally inherits the throne by birth.

Crown Prince & Princess & Emperor Showa & Empress Kojun wedding 1959-iv: Japanese Emperor Hirohito, Crown Prince Akihito, Crown Princess Michiko and Empress Nagako, 1959

Monarchies have existed throughout the globe, although in recent centuries many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics. Advocacy of republics is chosen republicanism, while advancement of monarchies is chosen monarchism. Equally of 2010 in Europe, there are twelve monarchies: seven kingdoms, ane g duchy, one papacy, and 2 principalities, as well as the diarchy of Principality of andorra.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy is a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small-scale number of people. These people could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, education, corporate, or military control. Such states are often controlled by a few prominent families who pass their influence from i generation to the next. Forms of regime and other political structures associated with oligarchy usually include aristocracy, meritocracy, plutocracy, military junta, technocracy, and theocracy.

Elite is a form of government in which a few elite citizens rule. In the origins in Ancient Greece, it was conceived of every bit rule by the best qualified citizens, and assorted with monarchy. In later times, aristocracy was normally seen every bit dominion past a privileged grouping, the aristocratic class, and contrasted with republic. Similarly, plutocracy is rule by the wealthy. Unlike systems such equally democracy, plutocracy is not rooted in a political philosophy and has no advocates; the term is only used in a pejorative sense. Examples of plutocracies include the Roman Republic, some metropolis-states in Aboriginal Hellenic republic, the culture of Carthage, the Italian metropolis-states/merchant republics of Venice, Florence, Genoa, and pre-World War II Empire of Japan zaibatsu.

Other Forms of Governance

Iran'due south Theocracy: Iran is an example of a theocracy. Ali Khamenei, depicted here, current holds the position of Supreme Leader in Iran. The Supreme Leader is a religious figure who has arguably the most political power in Iran.

Technocracy is a form of government in which experts in technology would be in control of all decision making. Scientists, engineers, and technologists who have knowledge, expertise, or skills, would compose the governing trunk instead of politicians, businessmen, and economists. In a technocracy, decision makers would be selected based upon how knowledgeable and skillful they are in their field.

Theocracy is a form of government in which official policy is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a item faith or religious group. Theocracy essentially means rule past a church or analogous religious leadership; a state in which the goal is to direct the population towards God and in which God himself is the theoretical "head of the country".

An Islamic country is a land that has adopted Islam, specifically Sharia (Islamic Police force), as its foundations for political institutions, or laws, exclusively, and has implemented the Islamic ruling organization and is therefore a theocracy. Although there is much debate every bit to which states or groups operate strictly co-ordinate to Islamic Police force, Sharia is the official basis for state laws in the following countries: Yemen, Afghanistan, Somalia, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Islamic republic of mauritania, Oman and Iran.

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